{"id":1438,"date":"2014-03-17T17:42:08","date_gmt":"2014-03-17T17:42:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/refugeeresearch.net\/ms\/km\/?p=1438"},"modified":"2014-03-17T17:50:27","modified_gmt":"2014-03-17T17:50:27","slug":"angolans-in-drc-have-mixed-feelings-on-home","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/refugeeresearch.net\/ms\/km\/2014\/03\/17\/angolans-in-drc-have-mixed-feelings-on-home\/","title":{"rendered":"Angolans in DRC have mixed feelings on home"},"content":{"rendered":"

Displaced by Angola’s brutal civil war, some ex-refugees now living in DR Congo still don’t want to return.<\/h2>\n

Azad Essa<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Sorin Furcoi\u00a0<\/a>13 Mar 2014 13:37. Accessed on Al Jazeera.com<\/a><\/p>\n

Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo –<\/strong>\u00a0Seventy-six-year-old Manuel\u00a0Francis is aware of the irony of his predicament. As an immigration officer\u00a0working on the border between the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Angola, he was forced to\u00a0flee Angola in 1999, when the third phase of his country’s civil\u00a0war broke out. Francis made his way to Kinshasa, the DRC’s capital, to escape the violence.<\/p>\n

“I lost everything. A decent house, a good salary. My heart aches when\u00a0I think about what happened,”\u00a0said Francis, dressed immaculately in a pinstriped shirt and brown trousers in Kinshasa.<\/p>\n

More than 150,000 Angolans made their way into the DRC during the course of the civil war, which began shortly after Angola gained its independence from Portugal in 1975.\u00a0Some 450,000 others ended up in South Africa, Zambia, Namibia, the Republic of Congo and Botswana.<\/p>\n

The civil war dragged on for 27\u00a0years, pitting the\u00a0People’s Movement\u00a0for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), the National Union for the Total\u00a0Independence of Angola (UNITA) and the National Liberation Front of\u00a0Angola (FNLA) against each other in a bid to control\u00a0the country. The conflict soon became another proxy battle in the Cold War, with the US backing the UNITA and the Soviet Union supporting the MPLA. South Africa and Cuba also played major roles.<\/p>\n

Angola’s brutal civil war, which was funded in part by the country’s mineral wealth, at one stage\u00a0involved<\/a>\u00a0one in three Angolan children fighting\u00a0as child soldiers. The war is\u00a0said to have resulted in the deaths of at least 500,000 people, and the displacement of a million people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Manuel Francis said he lost everything after being forced to flee Angola [Sorin Furcoi\/Al Jazeera]<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The humanitarian disaster became one of\u00a0the United Nations Refugee Agency’s (UNHCR) first emergency efforts to protect refugees outside of Europe since the agency’s formation in 1950.<\/p>\n

Refugee status terminated<\/strong><\/p>\n

In 2012, as stability returned to Angola, the government of the DRC – like other countries in sub-Saharan Africa with sizable Angolan refugee populations – terminated the refugee status of Angolan refugees. The move was part of a plan to persuade the refugees to return home. For those ex-refugees who wanted to stay, the DRC government said it would make residency permits available.<\/p>\n

Around 23,000 Angolans\u00a0returned<\/a>\u00a0through the UNHCR-mediated repatriation programme in 2012. By January 2013, another 22,000 others said they were also prepared to return.<\/p>\n

The UNHCR said the third wave of repatriations of Angolan refugees,\u00a0due to start in mid-2014, is significant because it signals a\u00a0possible conclusion to one of the continent’s oldest stories of displacement.<\/p>\n

But another 47,815 Angolan refugees still live in the DRC, and have signalled\u00a0their desire to remain.\u00a0Maria Bueto Laudino, in her late 50s, said her husband was killed in\u00a0an attack on her house in the country’s capital, Luanda, some 32 years\u00a0ago. Laudino had to walk for three weeks, with four of her\u00a0children and two orphans under her care, before she reached the DRC.\u00a0“I saw beheaded bodies lying on the road along the way,”\u00a0she said,\u00a0with tears welling up in her eyes.\u00a0“Never will these two legs ever return to Angola.”<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Maria Laudino said she will never return to Angola \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0<\/strong>[Sorin Furcoi\/Al Jazeera]<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Others said they are\u00a0not confident it is safe for them to return. Francis claims his political history would get him killed if he stepped back into Angola.\u00a0He is not the only one to speak of “insecurity” back home.\u00a0Seventy-six-year-old Mendoza Alfonso, one of the first Angolan refugees to arrive in the DRC and a former fighter for the FNLA during the civil war, said returning to Angola was only an option once Jose Eduardo dos Santos, the country’s president since 1979, either steps down or dies.<\/p>\n

Furthermore, ex-refugees said those who returned to\u00a0Angola through the repatriation programme were finding re-integration\u00a0harder than expected. Some even\u00a0returned to the DRC after discovering little had been done by Angolan\u00a0authorities to prepare for their arrival.<\/p>\n

Carlos Cainda, president of the Angolan ex-refugee committee in\u00a0Kinshasa, a loose body representing the community in discussions with\u00a0the UNHCR and the government, told Al Jazeera many ex-refugees were\u00a0enthusiastic about returning home, but need assurance that\u00a0“reintegration was going to work”. Cainda said people would\u00a0“pack up and go immediately”\u00a0if they were sure they wouldn’t\u00a0be forced to find refuge in the DRC again.<\/p>\n

Tough times in Kinshasa<\/strong><\/p>\n

The hesitancy to return had little to do with a reluctance to leave\u00a0Kinshasa, said Dieudonne Yenga, a coordinator with Erukin, an NGO working\u00a0with urban refugees in the city.\u00a0Kinshasa is a harsh city, one of the poorer capitals on the continent. Services like electricity, running water and medical care are\u00a0unreliable, even non-existent in many areas. The lack of\u00a0infrastructure, development and administrative services in the city mean that\u00a0civil servants often go unpaid – fuelling\u00a0a culture of bribery, corruption and criminal\u00a0impunity.<\/p>\n

“People don’t struggle here as they would in a conflict zone,” said Yenga. “The\u00a0conflict in Kinshasa is an economic one.”<\/p>\n

Some Angolan refugees have\u00a0been here so long that they have integrated into communities between the\u00a0border region of Ba Congo and Kinshasa. Theresa Nsimba, in her fifties, has been in the DRC for such a long time, she can’t remember when she arrived.\u00a0Her son has to remind her that it has been 15 years.<\/p>\n

It’s no surprise to the authorities, then, that so many Angolan refugees want to stay.\u00a0Yenga said integration for Angolan\u00a0refugees was not difficult, because they both speak Lingala and share\u00a0the same culture as those living in the Kinshasa area.\u00a0The cultural symmetry across borders is not unique: Refugees from the Central African Republic streaming into the DRC’s Equateur province, and Rwandan refugees who arrived in the DRC’s North Kivu province after the 1994 genocide, share ethnic and linguistic similarities with their host communities.<\/p>\n

But the uncertainty over whether to stay or return has split the refugee community.\u00a0Antione Makiese, 28, works occasional jobs as a mechanic. He is\u00a0grateful to the DRC for providing him a sanctuary from the war, but now believes it is\u00a0time to go back home. He plans to take his family\u00a0to Angola as soon as the repatriation process is restarted.\u00a0“It’s better to suffer in the country of your own origin than to be\u00a0suffering in a foreign place,”\u00a0he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Ngadivua Makiese (right) refuses to leave Kinshasa \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 [Sorin Furcoi\/Al Jazeera]<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Makiese\u00a0is married to a Congolese woman, and it’s unclear whether she\u00a0will be able to make the journey with the family. Makiese’s younger brother, Ngadivua, 24, who has lived here since his teenage years, refuses to leave Kinshasa. This is his home now. But the decision threatens to\u00a0split the family up once more, after they were forced to leave other family members behind in Angola back in 2001.<\/p>\n

Angola’s economy is booming, but with high unemployment and continued poverty, refugees are unsure whether the move back would be an improvement over their current quality of life. Another refugee, living in ramshackle conditions with five children, and diagnosed with HIV, said she was receiving antiretroviral drugs in Kinshasa. She voiced concern over the availability of treatment in Angola, and decided to stay as a result.<\/p>\n

The\u00a0Makiese\u00a0household, in the heart of Kinshasa’s Ngaliema-Ozone district, bears testimony to the squalid conditions of refugee life in Kinshasa. The family lives in a small brick house below street level, fitted with a corrugated iron roof. The alley off Mama Yemo Avenue that leads to the house is an open gutter of rotting trash, rodents and chickens. But this is not even a slum by Kinshasa standards; the living conditions are not out of the ordinary for millions of Congolese residing in the city and beyond.<\/p>\n

‘An example for other countries’<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kinshasa’s poverty means that international groups aiding refugees living there must\u00a0remain sensitive.\u00a0The head of the country’s National Commission of Refugees, Berthe Zinga, told Al Jazeera that the DRC tries to ensure through its partners that aid benefits the larger Congolese community, and not just refugees.<\/p>\n

The UNHCR said that although refugees would be able to return to Angola, the chance to remain in the DRC would also remain open. In a country with 2.4 million of its own people displaced and\u00a0hundreds of thousands of refugees living within its borders, the DRC has\u00a0proven to be generous in allowing refugees to remain.<\/p>\n

“In many ways, this is an example for other countries who often do not\u00a0offer residency to former refugees, which is something we encourage,”\u00a0said Celine Schmitt, the UNHCR’s\u00a0senior regional external relations officer, in Kinshasa.<\/p>\n

Meanwhile, the immigration officer-turned-refugee, Manuel Francis, said\u00a0he has no intention of applying for a residency permit in Kinshasa, despite his refusal to return to Angola.\u00a0“I can’t practice politics here; there are too many spies in this city,”\u00a0he said matter-of-factly.<\/p>\n

Francis spoke slowly, thoughtfully, as he announced that\u00a0the only way out for him would be to be resettled elsewhere, so that he\u00a0might return to politics and help “liberate”\u00a0Angola.\u00a0“In politics, there is no age limit,” said the septuagenarian Francis. “I will do it to save my children.”<\/p>\n

Did you know about Angolan Refugees in DRC? How is it that DRC has had an opend door policy for Refugees, even with its own crises, while other countries have not? We would love to hear your thoughts!<\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Displaced by Angola’s brutal civil war, some ex-refugees now living in DR Congo still don’t want to return. Azad Essa\u00a0and\u00a0Sorin Furcoi\u00a013 Mar 2014 13:37. Accessed on Al Jazeera.com Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo –\u00a0Seventy-six-year-old Manuel\u00a0Francis is aware of the irony of his predicament. As an immigration officer\u00a0working on the border between the Democratic Republic of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1439,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[4,3,6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1438","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-community-scholar","category-knowledge-mobilization","category-migration-headlines"],"yoast_head":"\nAngolans in DRC have mixed feelings on home - Knowledge Migration<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/refugeeresearch.net\/ms\/km\/2014\/03\/17\/angolans-in-drc-have-mixed-feelings-on-home\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Angolans in DRC have mixed feelings on home - Knowledge Migration\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Displaced by Angola’s brutal civil war, some ex-refugees now living in DR Congo still don’t want to return. 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