{"id":718,"date":"2013-05-13T17:10:23","date_gmt":"2013-05-13T17:10:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/refugeeresearch.net\/ms\/km\/?p=718"},"modified":"2013-05-13T17:10:39","modified_gmt":"2013-05-13T17:10:39","slug":"to-and-from-persecution-lgbti-refugees-in-africa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/refugeeresearch.net\/ms\/km\/2013\/05\/13\/to-and-from-persecution-lgbti-refugees-in-africa\/","title":{"rendered":"To and from persecution: LGBTI refugees in Africa"},"content":{"rendered":"

Refugees and asylum seekers face a host of challenges when crossing borders, but the obstacles are particularly pronounced for LGBTI persons.<\/h3>\n

08 MAY 2013 11:42 – KYLE KNIGHT<\/a>\u00a0Mail &\u00a0Guardian\"download\"<\/a><\/h5>\n
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\u201cLGBTI [lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or intersex]\u00a0asylum seekers and refugees face a range of threats, risks and vulnerabilities throughout the displacement cycle,\u201d said Volker T\u00fcrk, director of international protection at the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR).<\/p>\n

\u201cAnd while the world has come a long way since first recognising asylum claims based on sexual orientation and gender identity in the 1980s, residual factors ranging from criminalisation to disbelief result in LGBTI people suffering at the hands of a variety of actors as they flee oppression and seek safety,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n

A new edition of the Forced Migration Review (FMR) released on\u00a0April 29\u00a0highlights many of the remaining challenges for LGBTI migrants and asylum seekers.<\/p>\n

According to UNHCR, targeting people based on real or perceived sexual orientation and gender identity for persecution, discrimination, and harassment can stem from the belief that they are encouraging unwanted or unnatural social change.<\/p>\n

LGBTI people leave home for the same reasons as everyone else: to flee war, persecution, and oppression; to seek stability, education, employment, and freedom.<\/p>\n

In situations of upheaval or conflict, sexual and gender minorities have become targets for scapegoating or \u201cmoral cleansing\u201d campaigns, compounding the inherent vulnerability created by unrest, activists say.<\/p>\n

LGBTI persecution<\/strong>
\nLGBTI people experience torture, violence, discrimination, and persecution in countries around the world, sometimes deliberately carried out by the state and often conducted with impunity.<\/p>\n

Homosexual acts are punishable with the death penalty in five countries (Iran, Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, Sudan and Yemen), as well as some parts of Nigeria and Somalia, the International Lesbian and Gay Association, the oldest and only membership-based LGBTI organisation in the world, reported in 2012.<\/p>\n

According to research by Human Rights Watch, gay Iranians are fleeing, frequently to Turkey, due to the state-sponsored persecution they face at home, while thousands of LGBTI people have sought international protection in Europe in recent years on the basis of their sexual orientation and gender identity.<\/p>\n

And while few countries keep LGBTI-specific data, Norway and Belgium, which both track asylum decisions based on sexual orientation and gender identity, have shown a steady uptick in recent years.<\/p>\n

From 2008-2010, LGBTI asylum decisions in Belgium increased from 226-522.<\/p>\n

During the same period in Norway they increased from 3-26.<\/p>\n

But information about abuses against LGBTI people \u2013 called \u201cCountry of Origin Information\u201d (COI) in the asylum process \u2013 can be scant in hostile countries, argued Christian Pangilinan, a Tanzania-based refugee lawyer cited in the Forced Migration Review (FMR).<\/p>\n

For transgender people, COI can mislead agencies, such as in Iran where authorities \u201callow transsexual surgery as a forced method of preventing homosexuality rather than supporting trans identities,\u201d according to a gender expert\u2019s FMR chapter.<\/p>\n

Crossing borders of geography and identity<\/strong>
\nThe multiple document checks migrants might encounter can be particularly difficult for transgender or gender-variant people.<\/p>\n

While international standards for travel documents officially recognise three genders \u2013 marked M, F, or X \u2013 only a handful of countries have incorporated the third category, meaning that high-security travel environments, such as airports or emergency residential camps, can threaten humiliation or exclusion to people whose gender identity or expression is different from what is indicated by their documents.<\/p>\n

Sexuality and gender are nuanced personal matters.<\/p>\n

According to research by psychologists, some individuals may have had limited experience expressing or experiencing his or her deeply-felt sexual orientation or gender identity, and may outwardly appear very different than how he or she feels \u2013 to the extent of even being in a heterosexual relationship.<\/p>\n

With the asylum process taking increasingly extended periods of time, some may start the migration or asylum process with one identity, and change over time, complicating the matter both personally and administratively and exposing the individual to further discrimination or ill-treatment.<\/p>\n

UNHCR\u2019s guidelines for claims to refugee status based on sexual orientation and gender identity take the progressive step of acknowledging that \u201csexual orientation and gender identity are broad concepts which create space for self-identification\u201d which may \u201ccontinue to evolve across a person\u2019s lifetime\u201d.<\/p>\n

Nonetheless, according to UN Office of Drugs and Crime guidelines, discriminatory attitudes regarding sexual orientation and gender identity can mean the credibility of LGBTI people is dismissed by authorities.<\/p>\n

“That no one should be compelled to hide, change or renounce his or her identity in order to avoid persecution is a central tenet of refugee law, and this applies to sexual orientation and gender identity on equal footing with other claims,\u201d UNHCR\u2019s T\u00fcrk told IRIN.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere is no space for decision-makers determining refugee status to expect them to conceal who they are.”<\/p>\n

Safety and security\u00a0<\/strong>
\n\u201cThere is harassment in the camp against us, sometimes beatings,\u201d said Yoman Rai, a 19-year-old Bhutanese refugee living in a camp in Nepal.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe have a protection unit and complaint mechanism, but we are still facing problems,\u201d he said, adding that just last month a transgender woman was beaten by other people in the camp.<\/p>\n

Security in refugee camps is complicated and contingent on numerous, unpredictable factors.<\/p>\n

For members of the LGBTI community, vulnerabilities are exacerbated.<\/p>\n

Sexual abuse is common, but often goes unreported because the right questions are not being asked, and because survivors of sexual violence are reluctant to report events that will \u201cout\u201d them to legal authorities.<\/p>\n

Life can be particularly difficult in a refugee camp (David Swanson, IRIN)<\/p>\n

Life can be particularly difficult in a refugee camp Explained Rai: \u201cMany Bhutanese are not `out\u2019 to anyone except for the outreach workers because they still believe being LGBTI will put them in danger and negatively affect their resettlement process,\u201d adding that the outreach educators\u2019 network was operated by a Nepalese LGBTI rights NGO.<\/p>\n

Emergency shelter settings \u2013 such as relief camps or refugee housing \u2013 pose specific challenges for transgender people.<\/p>\n

Access to male-female gender-segregated facilities, such as dormitories or bathrooms, can be perilous.<\/p>\n

New research is exploring how immigration detention centres can respect and protect LGBTI residents, a US-based prisons expert explained in FMR.<\/p>\n

For LGBTI migrants who end up in urban areas, research has shown that cities can be unwelcoming and unfamiliar and access to basic social services limited by scant local resources, exclusion of foreigners, or limitations to access including finances, language, and cultural barriers.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe single most threatening factor for these migrants is isolation,\u201d said Neil Grungras, executive director of the Organisation for Refugee Asylum and Migration (ORAM), a leading advocacy group for refugees fleeing persecution due to sexual orientation or gender identity.<\/p>\n

With UNHCR data showing the average major refugee situation lasting 17 years, these circumstances can impinge on a significant portion of an individual\u2019s life.<\/p>\n

Migrant populations are generally more at-risk for HIV due to disruption and displacement, and according to UNAIDS are often overlooked in host-country HIV policies.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt is critical that refugee organisations identify what the best ways of offering protection are, such as providing access to safe shelter, requesting expedited resettlement, and, if possible, working with the police and refugee communities to address specific threats of violence,\u201d said Duncan Breen, a senior associate in the refugee protection programme at Human Rights First.<\/p>\n

Evolving frameworks\u00a0<\/strong>
\nRecent UN reports and statements demonstrate increased international attention to the human rights of LGBTI people.<\/p>\n

On the programme level, agencies have begun to adjust to include considerations of sexual orientation and gender identity.<\/p>\n

For example, the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) is implementing a \u201csafe space\u201d project for refugees at its four US Refugee Admissions Program Resettlement Support Centers.<\/p>\n

Jennifer Rumbach, IOM resettlement support centre manager for South Asia, told IRIN the programme is designed to help LGBTI refugees at \u201cevery step along the way \u2013 whether during counselling, interviews, orientations, travel, or post-arrival \u2026 \u201cDisclosing sexual orientation and gender identity overseas works to the refugees\u2019 benefit because it ensures we can provide appropriate and respectful services, ask questions that are critical to their resettlement experience, and try to get them any special help they need while they wait to be resettled,\u201d she explained.<\/p>\n

But ORAM\u2019s Grungras warned: \u201cWe have to be extra careful to talk with refugees and migrants on their own terms \u2013 to understand them as they understand themselves, and not label them as \u201cLGBTI\u201d just because it fits our programmes.<\/p>\n

\u201d In spite of challenges such as a dearth of respectful terms used in some languages referring to sexual and gender minorities, IOM\u2019s programmes also attempt to engage with local terminology.<\/p>\n

\u201cWhile it’s important for staff to understand sexual orientation and gender identity terms used by the international community, we make special efforts to use relevant and respectful local terminology in our signs, handouts and interview and counselling scripts,\u201d said Rumbach.<\/p>\n

Supporting and protecting LGBTI people as they migrate requires nuance, sensitivity, and an appreciation of evolving identities, legal frameworks, and programmatic potential. \u2013 IRIN<\/p>\n

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Refugees and asylum seekers face a host of challenges when crossing borders, but the obstacles are particularly pronounced for LGBTI persons. 08 MAY 2013 11:42 – KYLE KNIGHT\u00a0Mail &\u00a0Guardian \u201cLGBTI [lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or intersex]\u00a0asylum seekers and refugees face a range of threats, risks and vulnerabilities throughout the displacement cycle,\u201d said Volker T\u00fcrk, director […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-718","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-migration-headlines"],"yoast_head":"\nTo and from persecution: LGBTI refugees in Africa - Knowledge Migration<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/refugeeresearch.net\/ms\/km\/2013\/05\/13\/to-and-from-persecution-lgbti-refugees-in-africa\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"To and from persecution: LGBTI refugees in Africa - 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